NVWA said three packs were found to be contaminated, but Haribo is recalling its entire stock as a precaution.
The bags in question have a best-before date of January 2026.
It is not clear how many people have become unwell.
NVWA said police were investigating how cannabis ended up in the sweets, Dutch media report.
The agency said there were bags in circulation that "can lead to health complaints, such as dizziness, when consumed".
"Do not eat the sweets," the statement added.
It is not clear whether the contaminated products are genuine Haribo bags or fake.
Haribo said the safety of its consumers was its highest priority, adding that it was taking the incident "very seriously".
The confectionery giant said the recall was only in place in the Netherlands, with other regions unaffected.
All other products are safe to consume, the company says.
