Badenoch has previously resisted the "culture warrior" tag, insisting during her successful leadership campaign she did not like fighting - but was prepared to fight to defend Conservative principles.
Her "culture warrior" comments came in a speech at a dinner hosted by the International Democracy Union, a global alliance of centre-right parties.
She said she believed in tradition, adding "if we don't defend our culture, who will?"
She said she also believed in freedom - free markets, free speech, free enterprise, freedom of religion, "trusted institutions within the rule of law, and equality under the law, no matter who you are or where you come from".
But liberalism had "been hacked", socially and economically, by politicians on the left, Badenoch argued.
"I worry that we are losing what made our countries great," she said.
Badenoch, who became Conservative leader last month, said "opposing ideologies" were taking over and undermining the culture and institutions that had created space for them.
She accused the left of using "oppression narratives" while being "not that interested in ethnic minorities except as a tool to fight their battles against the right".
Anti-racist groups, she said, were deciding that all white people were racist and campaigning against "white privilege".
The environmental movement, she added, had been taken over by a "radical green absolutism" about net zero.
Feminism, she complained, "doesn't know what a woman is any more".
She called for conservatives to fight back, by standing up for a "muscular liberalism" and curbing "the growth of activist government".