We searched for a true Christmas market - and may have found one

On a cold Thursday afternoon in Birmingham, we have just met Nina Adler and Till Rampe, 27-year-old German students studying for PhDs in the UK's "second city".

As we walk around the Christmas market, which snakes through streets close to Birmingham New Street railway station, they're reminded of home.

They point to the wooden huts, food and drink, and the handicrafts as positive signs this is close to the traditional ideal. The chocolate-coated marshmallows at one stall impress Till, who is from a town near Frankfurt. "I could swear they are from my hometown," he says.

But other aspects of Birmingham's market are further removed from the German way - like the beer. "People are just connecting Germany with beer," Nina, from Berlin, says. "In Germany usually you drink mulled wine. This is very typical."

And as for the pop tunes blaring out of the speakers in Birmingham - like The Power of Love - you probably wouldn't hear that at markets in Germany - rather it would be Christmas music and carols, she says.

Also visiting the market with us is Katharina Karcher, an academic at the University of Birmingham. Her verdict? It's "super authentic".

Having been set up in 1997 and running annually since 2001, the Birmingham market is organised by Kurt Stroscher, who is also director of Frankfurt's Christmas market.

He uses "only wooden stalls and atmospheric white lights that don't blink", with the stalls built in Germany and food and drink imported from there.

It's mostly a thumbs-up for Birmingham's Christmas market when it comes to authenticity, then - but how does it compare to one in Germany?

While many Christmas markets in the UK have been running for a couple of weeks now, in Germany they have only just opened, as is tradition, on 24 November.

Most German towns and cities have a Christmas market, with Dresden, Nuremberg and Cologne among the most famous.

These markets hold "huge symbolic meaning" to Germans, says Dr Karcher, who's from near Frankfurt. Along with a religious undertone, "they are what get people through the dark time", she explains.

Some 800 miles away from Birmingham, the city of Berlin is home to more than 70 different, small Christmas markets. In Charlottenburg Palace in the west of the German capital, the market is bustling and filled with people of all ages when we visit on a Tuesday night.

The smell of roasted almonds, caramelised apples, chocolate-coated fruit, mulled wine and grilled sausages fills the air, as Christmas carols are performed live on a stage and children enjoy a small, sparkling Ferris wheel.

The 17th Century Baroque Charlottenburg Palace is illuminated in different colours, with falling snowflakes projected onto its facade and wooden stalls in front.

So what exactly makes a traditional German Christmas market?

Typically, they may have (as this one in Berlin does):

To Magrita, 66, who is enjoying a mulled wine with her husband Dietmar, 69, German Christmas markets are characterised by their unique atmosphere: "The colourful lights and Christmas decorations make it so special."

Dietmar explains how "Christmas markets are not the same as other markets labelled as 'Winter Market' or 'Winter Wonderland,' because of the fairytale-like feeling you only get at an authentic Christmas market".

"I visited a Christmas market in Milan a few years ago, and it wasn't the same, it was just a collection of different stores," he adds.

At another table, Anna and Karolina, both 19, are catching up over some chocolate-covered strawberries. "Apart from the mulled wine and the food, the colourful lighting and the festive and cosy vibe are what make Christmas markets unique," says Anna.

But in Karolina's view, "the star... is definitely the food and drink. [It's] what really makes a Christmas market authentic".

Visitors didn't seem to mind though.

"I quite like that," says Jamie Aycliffe, who was visiting the market with his wife and baby. "We're doing our British version of the Bratwurst."

But having been to Christmas markets across Europe himself, he felt the ones in the UK were "not as good" and "a bit more commercial".

Others were visiting the Kingston Christmas market for the aesthetic.

"It's fun," drama student Amelia Shannon, 22, says. "I don't have to go to Germany for it."

Overall, though, this was not as true to the traditional thing as in Birmingham, and also much smaller in size. Some people told us they'd prefer it if UK-based Christmas markets like in Kingston's sold more small gifts from independent businesses, like German markets do.

Anne-Teresa Markovic, an academic originally from Nuremberg, says she was struck by the range of food and drink offerings being "more prominent" there than in Germany while visiting Christmas markets in Manchester and Leeds. She recalls seeing "festive patatas bravas" on the menu, which needless to say, aren't particularly German.

Christmas markets in Germany are changing, though. There's often now more international food - and Dr Karcher says depictions of the patron Saint Nikolaus are increasingly becoming more about Santa Claus.

The warm glow exuded by Germany's Christmas markets was dimmed during deadly car attacks on a market in Berlin in 2016 and in the city of Magdeburg last year.

Security has been stepped up at markets since. Some markets have been cancelled because the costs of security are too high for organisers.

The Berlin Christmas market we visit is surrounded by a fence with large, concrete blocks placed along it, while a police car patrols one of the entrances.

Despite the heightened security measures, the atmosphere seems relaxed.

Anna and Karolina say they have never been to a Christmas market in the UK before, but would both welcome more Christmas markets outside of Germany.

"Christmas markets are not defined by their location," explains Anna, "but by the festive atmosphere and the time of the year when they take place."

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