The Brit Award winner ended with Someone You Loved, which had brought his 2023 set to an abrupt close.
"I couldn't sing this song two years ago. I might struggle to finish it today for different reasons," he said, tearing up again.
"My name is Lewis Capaldi and I'm [expletive] back, baby."
Capaldi has only made limited public appearances over the last two years.
But in May, he stepped out to perform at smaller shows in Scotland, including a surprise appearance for a mental health charity fundraiser in Edinburgh.
Both of his albums went to number one in the UK, and his 2018 single Someone You Loved topped charts around the world.
It went on to become the fourth most streamed song of all time, with almost four billion listens on Spotify.
On Saturday Capaldi surprised fans on Saturday at the OpenAir St Gallen festival in Switzerland.
He pulled out of a show there two years previously due to his health struggles.
Capaldi posted on social media: "Had to come back and make it up to you all."